Energy-saving technology in urban rail transit parking lot

In recent years, increasing climate anomalies and environmental pollution have challenged the socio-economic development model in which humans are highly dependent on natural resources.

In China, which is in a period of sustained and rapid economic growth, as the urbanization process accelerates, the demand for buildings is also growing. At the same time, the development of building space, the complexity of functions, and the intensification of machinery and equipment have also made the building a “power-consuming household”. According to statistics, the maintenance cost of Shanghai Railway South Station for one day is as high as several hundred thousand yuan. Therefore, it is urgent to study the technical means of reducing building energy consumption, and make full and reasonable use of limited material resources to meet the long-term needs of mankind.

1 Status of energy use in urban rail transit industry

Urban rail transit itself does not produce pollution, but due to its high-density, high-capacity operational characteristics, it will inevitably bring a lot of energy consumption. Taking Shanghai Rail Transit Line 1 (Xinzhuang--Chongfu New Village) as an example, the power consumption in July-September 2006 was as high as 47.28 million kW·h, and the electricity bill was as high as more than 30 million yuan. Among them, traction power accounts for about 50% of the total electricity consumption, and others are used for air conditioning and lighting. To this end, the issue of energy conservation and consumption reduction has attracted the attention of the urban rail transit industry. At present, some energy-saving measures such as screen doors, energy-saving lamps, and restrictions on the use of clay perforated bricks have been widely used in urban rail transit. However, designing a concept as a whole with one line, one station or one parking lot to maximize the efficient use of energy and to develop and utilize renewable energy remains to be studied. This paper analyzes the urban rail transit parking lot from the systemic perspective of energy-saving design.

2 Basic ways of saving energy in parking lots

The urban rail transit parking lot is generally located in the suburbs. It has a large area, a single building, and a clear functional division. It has unique advantages in utilizing natural resources such as sunlight, air, water, greening and soil. The energy saving of the parking lot should start from the design stage of the project. By determining the reasonable building scale and using the space efficiently, the land, especially the cultivated land, should be saved. At the same time, the application of new materials, new technologies and high-grade architectural design should be adopted. Integration into one, to save investment and reduce building energy consumption.

2. 1 Application of natural ventilation

Since the location of the parking lot is far away from urban noise sources and pollution sources, natural ventilation should be used to improve the internal environment of the building. Natural ventilation can provide fresh air to the indoors, which is beneficial to people's health. At the same time, it can effectively achieve passive cooling, reduce dependence on air conditioners and save energy.

In order to effectively use natural ventilation, the building should be oriented to the summer night wind direction; the depth of the room should not be too large. Under normal circumstances, the plane depth should not exceed 5 times the floor height; the door and window opening position of the building and the arrangement of the walkway, The opening of the building and the setting of the internal partitions must play a guiding role in the airflow, which is conducive to the formation of the wind. At the same time, ventilation design, lighting design and heating/cooling should be considered together to make full use of water surface and plants to cool down when possible. Take the floor plan of the second floor of the comprehensive office building of Fujin Road Parking Lot of Shanghai Rail Transit Line 1 (see Figure 1) as an example. The arrangement of doors, windows and internal partitions is slightly modified to form without changing the building area. Through the wind, the ventilation effect of the building is greatly improved (see Figure 2); at the same time, the wind extraction effect of the glass atrium is used to promote natural ventilation (see Figure 3).

2. 2 Using rainwater resources

From a long-term perspective, making full use of rainwater resources is highly recommended. Rainwater is a kind of high-quality mixed drainage, the main pollutant is dust, and the treatment method is simple. At present, the water consumption of the Meilu Base of Shanghai Rail Transit Line 1 reaches 860,000 m3/a, and the water fee for the light parking lot reaches several million yuan a year. It is very necessary to carry out energy conservation research. The design water consumption of Fujin Road parking lot is 100,000 m3/a. The production water is about 40m3/d, which is mainly used for flushing outside the vehicle. The main pollutant is suspended solids. In the design, a buried car wash wastewater recycling device with a sedimentation filter pool is arranged near the washing garage. The device recycles the car wash wastewater after the separation of mineral oil and the like, so that the treated rainwater can be used instead of the tap water as the car wash water. The Fujin Road parking lot implements the production and domestic sewage diversion system, as well as the rain and sewage diversion system. The rainwater system is included in the newly built rainwater pumping station and is discharged into Liulitang. This design brings convenience to the recycling of rainwater. According to the layout of the parking lot, the rainwater can be collected and recycled by using the original gutter drainage system of the parking lot, the garage, the wheelhouse, and the material library. The total roof area available for collection is approximately 6 hm2. The amount of rainwater that can be collected throughout the roof is:

W = H · A · K1 · K2 · K3 = 16 373.34 m3 / a

In the formula:

H———The annual average rainfall thickness is 1.123 m in Shanghai;

A———The area of ​​rainwater can be collected;

K1———Integrated runoff coefficient, taken as 0. 9;

K2———effective rainfall collection coefficient, taking 0.3;

K3———Initial rainwater reduction factor, taking 0.9.

The collected rainwater can be used not only to wash cars, sprinkle roads, but also to cool building components in a targeted manner (see Figure 4). In general, the parking lot uses the overhaul library in summer and the indoor temperature is hot and humid. The above-mentioned sea rail transit line 3 Shilong Road operation and maintenance library is a steel structure color steel plate construction form, the thermal insulation effect is not good, the indoor temperature during summer day is as high as 40 °C. The Shanghai Rail Transit Line 4 Puhuitang parking lot uses the prestressed concrete structure and the roof vegetation greening, which reduces the indoor temperature better. However, the prestressed concrete structure has a larger self-weight and the frame column has a larger cross section. The use space in the warehouse, and the concrete structure is difficult to reuse and degrade after the construction is abandoned, so this form is not recommended for promotion. The Fujin Road parking lot uses the maintenance library to absorb the advantages of the above two forms. It adopts the cast-in-place steel concrete frame structure, and the roof adopts the grid structure. The roof has good light transmission and light weight; however, summer sunlight may still cause If the indoor temperature is too high, the roof can be cooled by installing a spray evaporator on the top of the roof (see Figure 5).

2. 3 Solar energy utilization

2. 3. 1 natural lighting

Introducing natural light into indoor lighting not only saves resources, protects the environment, but also creates a comfortable light environment that is good for body and mind. Large-area windows are better lit, but they also bring more heat loss. The number and area of ​​windows should be determined based on the architectural requirements, natural lighting and energy consumption. A more reasonable empirical value is that the window area is about 20% of the indoor area. Transparent roofs provide better, wider natural lighting than windows on walls, but are prone to excessive room temperatures. If you choose to install a spray evaporation device on the roof of the parking lot, such as the operation and repair garage of the parking lot, you can consider using a transparent roof made of solar panels or acrylic materials, or increase the area of ​​the lighting belt to obtain better lighting effects. . In addition, the office building is gradually enlarged with the upper part of the glass atrium, which will get more natural light. Larger dining rooms or open-plan office areas make full use of natural light, and can be illuminate with reflectors if necessary, as shown in Figure 6.

2. 3. 2 Solar heating

In the cold winter, the vents of the glass atrium of the integrated office building are closed to form a glass greenhouse for thermal insulation. Thermal insulation curtains can also be installed on the outside of the window to reduce heat loss at night. The main heating room should be placed close to the heat collecting surface and the heat storage body.

As a mature technology, solar water heaters have been applied in the Fujin Road parking lot. Solar street lights are also used in the Fujin Road parking lot, but this solar photovoltaic converter is still a project that cannot be recovered, so it is not recommended for large-scale application in rail transit engineering.

2. 4 Greening and water use

Proper greening is an effective ecological factor for improving the microclimate of cities and buildings. The greening around the building can effectively reduce the surface temperature in summer, thus providing the possibility of natural ventilation in the room; the shade can replace the sun visor to prevent solar heat radiation; the vegetation can absorb carbon dioxide and increase the oxygen content in the air. The best guarantee of indoor air quality. The signalling equipment is mainly installed in the signal building of the parking lot. The roof area is moderately sized, the waterproof layer is well treated and the structure is firm, which is very suitable for roof greening. Roof greening can retain 50% of rainwater and reduce dependence on drainage facilities. In addition, the plant roof can maintain relatively stable indoor temperature and temperature conditions, as well as additional sound insulation and noise reduction functions, which can improve the ecological environment of the signal building. The guard room and material warehouse should adopt wall greening to integrate the building with the surrounding landscape. The integrated office building can be used indoors in the atrium to improve indoor temperature, humidity and air comfort.

Water is also an important ecological element that can be used to cool the air. Dig artificial ponds near the comprehensive office building, and send the rainwater collected from the integrated office building roof and nearby roads into the pond as a water source, and set the air inlet near the water surface to cool the air to achieve the effect of natural ventilation and cooling. In the flood season, this pond can also play a role in flood discharge.

2. 5 Building materials and equipment

The selection of building materials should be durable. The materials made from recycled raw materials should be used as much as possible, and the recyclable building materials and components should be actively utilized. The new materials and new technologies should be used boldly to reduce the heat loss of the external walls and improve the doors and windows. Thermal insulation and thermal insulation properties of the roof.

3 Conclusion

At present, the use of renewable energy requires high initial investment and maintenance costs. Whether it can be promoted in the urban rail transit field requires decision-makers to determine a wide range of factors. However, the stations and parking lots of urban rail transit should reserve the conditions for renewable energy utilization as much as possible, which requires planning in the overall design stage.

references

[1]付祥钊. Building energy-saving technology in hot summer and cold winter zone [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2002.

[2] Zhu Yingxin. Building Environmental Science [M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2005.

[3] Li Huadong. High-tech ecological architecture [M]. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2002.

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