In printing and copying, the number of color printed images has a considerable proportion. The color printed image is printed by the cyan, magenta, and yellow primary inks, and various colors are displayed, so that the color original image is reproduced. In the reproduction, due to the influence of various processes and production factors, the color of the printed image cannot restore the color of the original well. In order to obtain satisfactory print image quality, the color of the image must be detected in print production, and the color reproduction quality can be controlled by adjusting certain printing variables.
1. The main factors affecting the quality of color reproduction
When copying on the printing machine in the picture and text, there are many factors that affect the color of the copied image, such as: dot expansion, printing color sequence and overprint, ink hue and solid density, ink temperature and viscosity, water supply (offset), paper properties, printing plate Layout depth, printing pressure, etc.
1. Network expansion
In printing, dot expansion always occurs, but when the expansion exceeds a certain range, many quality problems will occur. This kind of dot expansion will reduce the contrast of the image, and make the entire image darker. The dark tone dots will be dead, and the hue of the copy will change drastically. When the dots of the image of each color in the printing are expanded at the same time, the entire image will become darker. When only one of the color dots is enlarged, the copied image will produce a color cast. For example: the dot coverage of the magenta version will be expanded in the middle tone. When 50% of the dots become 55%, the color of the printed image will become red and the flesh color will become partial. Red, neutral colors become light red, and green becomes dirty. Both printing pressure and solid ink density affect dot expansion. A slight change in printing pressure will cause a significant change in the entire printed image; when the solid ink density increases, the dot expansion will increase, which will have a great impact on the mid-tone and dark-tone colors of the image.
2. Printing color sequence and overprint
In color image printing, the ink is overprinted one by one, and poor overprinting will cause color deviation, color mixing and turbulence. The printing color sequence arrangement has a great influence on the overprint color effect. For multi-color printers, the printing interval of each color ink is short, and the post-printing ink is overprinted on the surface of the first wet ink, which belongs to the "wet stack wet" printing state. In the overprint color, the ink printed on the paper has an advantage over the ink printed on the surface of the wet ink layer. As long as the color order of the two colors is reversed, the hue, lightness and saturation of the overprinted colors may be different. If cyan and magenta inks are overprinted, cyan is printed first and then magenta, and the overprinted color is cyan; when magenta is printed first and then cyan, the overprinted color is reddish.
In order to obtain a good overprinting effect, it is necessary to arrange the viscosity of each color ink reasonably after the color sequence is scheduled.
3. Ink hue and solid density
The inks used in printing production all have different degrees of color shift, so that the printed image has a color shift. As far as possible, ink with less color shift should be used for color printing. The solid ink density on the surface of the printed image determines the tone and tone reproduction range of the printed image. The higher the solid density, the wider the tone and tone reproduction range. The low solid density reduces the image color saturation and weakens the overprint color.
4. Ink temperature and viscosity
In the reproduction of printed images, ink viscosity is a very important parameter. Generally, liquid ink is used for gravure printing. There is no ink leveling and channeling mechanism in the ink delivery device. The viscosity of the ink is controlled by adding an appropriate amount of solvent to the ink tank. Offset and relief printing generally use viscous ink, which has a high viscosity. In order to transfer the ink from the printing plate to the surface of the paper evenly, both offset and relief printing machines have ink leveling and channeling devices. The ink is squeezed, sheared and separated when it is transferred and evened between the rollers of these devices. The roller works to overcome the internal friction of the ink, and the surface temperature of the ink roller is raised. During the process of being transferred and evened, it is squeezed, sheared and separated. In order to overcome the internal frictional force of the ink, the roller makes the surface temperature of the ink roller increase, and the viscosity of the transferred ink decreases accordingly. After the ink becomes thinner, the amount of ink carried on the surface of the roller is reduced, and the amount of ink transferred to the surface of the paper is reduced, which changes the tone and tone of the printed image and destroys the consistency of the printed image. Studies have shown that the reason why the color deviation of the printed image is 60% after the printing press is turned on is caused by the temperature change of the ink roller.
5. Offset ink and ink balance
The water-ink balance of offset production directly affects the quality of image reproduction. A small amount of water will make the printing plate dirty and paste; the water emissary ink emulsifies and reduces the color saturation of the printed image.
Second, the detection of printed image color
The color of the color printed image is formed by the superposition of three primary inks of yellow, magenta and cyan in different proportions. Generally, when measuring the color of a printed image, the color on the screen is not measured, but the quality control bar printed simultaneously with the printed image. The control strip is generally placed at the trailing edge of the printed sheet. Testing the corresponding color blocks of the control strip with a measuring instrument can obtain print quality information, such as the solid density, overprint rate, dot expansion, dot density, neutral gray reduction, contrast and other parameters of each primary color ink, to judge the image tone and tone reproduction.
There are three measurement methods when measuring the color of printed images, namely density meter measurement, colorimeter measurement and spectrophotometer measurement.
1. Density meter measurement
Density meter is the main instrument in color separation, plate making and printing. This measurement method has always been the most commonly used form of objective quality evaluation in the printing industry. The density meter is cheap and widely used. When the density meter measures the color surface, it can only obtain the relative amount of a certain primary color ink in printing. It cannot indicate the hue of the color being measured. The measured value of the densitometer is not related to various color-measuring systems, so it is impossible to describe the measured color in color language. In color measurement and evaluation, the density meter has certain limitations, it is not a standard color measuring instrument.
2. Color measurement by colorimeter
The colorimeter directly measures the color surface to obtain a visual response proportional to the three color stimulation values ​​X, Y, and Z. The X, Y, and Z values ​​of the measured color can be obtained through conversion. Color parameters converted to other uniform color spaces. The colorimeter is a special density meter with three broadband filters. Due to the certain error of the device and the principle of the instrument itself, the absolute accuracy of the color measurement value is not good. However, due to its low price, it is still a widely used color measuring instrument.
3. Spectrophotometer (spectral spectrophotometer) color measurement
The spectrophotometer measures the reflectivity of the color surface to light of various wavelengths in the visible spectrum. The light of the visible spectrum is irradiated to the color surface at a certain step distance (5nm, 10nm, 20nm), and then the reflectance is measured point by point. By plotting the relationship between the reflectance value of each wavelength of light and each wavelength, the spectrophotometric curve of the color surface to be measured can be obtained. Each spectrophotometric curve uniquely expresses a color. The measured value can also be converted into other color system values. Spectrophotometer is a flexible and ideal color measuring instrument. At present, the spectrophotometer is used as the color measuring instrument for the color quality inspection of printed products equipped with some foreign printing presses.
3. Methods of controlling printing color quality
In the printing industry, the quality constraints of printed images such as paper, ink and printing plates. When these factors have been determined, how to control the color quality of the printed image when the image is reproduced on the printing machine?
1. Adjust printing pressure according to upper body production
Adjust the printing pressure according to the print image copy quality requirements, paper thickness, printing plate and other conditions, so that the image dots can be best reproduced.
2. Reasonably arrange the color sequence
Currently, multicolor printing generally uses ink, cyan, magenta, and yellow sequences or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black sequences. This color sequence makes color reproduction easier and more accurate. The thickness of the ink layer is arranged from small to large. For example, when black, cyan, magenta and yellow are used in offset printing, the thickness of the ink layer is: 0.8 μm for black ink, 0.9 μm for cyan ink, 1.0 μm for magenta ink, and yellow Ink is 1.1μm; ink viscosity is arranged from large to small, such as black ink 1188Pa, cyan ink 488Pa, magenta ink 477Pa, yellow ink 147Pa. When the ink viscosity cannot meet the arrangement requirements, the ink viscosity can be adjusted in advance.
3. Calibrate the printing press
Adjust the printing machine according to the proof sheet and the predetermined printing conditions to make the printed image effect consistent with the printed sheet.
4. During the printing process of the printing press, control the color reproduction quality
In the printing process, there are many variables that affect the quality of the printed image. In order to compensate for the adverse effects of these variables, currently more advanced printing machines such as those produced by Heidelberg, Roland, and Mitsubishi in Japan mainly adjust three parameters: Temperature, ink supply and water supply.
1. Inking device temperature control
Some printing presses are equipped with or optionally equipped with temperature control devices for inking devices. In the process of inking, the ink roller rotates and moves at the same time, so its temperature rises the most. When the temperature is controlled, cooling water is generally passed through the shaft core of the ink roller to reduce the temperature, so that the surface temperature of the ink roller remains stable , So as to ensure a stable ink supply. In some printing machines, in addition to the ink channeling roller, cooling water is passed through the ink fountain roller to lower the temperature.
2. Ink supply control
The solid ink density on the surface of the printed image directly affects the color quality of the copy. The solid ink density is affected by the amount of ink supplied (the thickness of the ink layer on the surface of the printed image). As the thickness of the ink layer increases, the solid density also increases. After reaching a certain point, the solid density will not increase with the thickness of the ink layer. The amount of ink supply (ink layer thickness) can be adjusted according to the quality information of the control strip on the surface of the printed image.
At present, the automatic adjustment of the ink volume of the printing press mainly includes two parts, namely, the overall ink volume of the ink fountain roller and the adjustment of the ink volume of each local area of ​​the ink roller. The overall ink volume adjustment ensures the correct reproduction of the tone and tone of the entire screen of the printed image. Due to the different distribution of the printed image on the entire layout, the demand for ink volume in each area is also different. Therefore, the ink fountain roller is divided into several along the axis direction of the ink roller In the small ink area, different ink areas send different amounts of ink to meet the different requirements for the amount of ink in each local area of ​​the image.
3. Water supply control
The amount of water in offset printing plates must be controlled. The amount of water should be different according to the printing speed and ink supply of the printing press to ensure the balance of water and ink, so that the printed image does not bloom, the color saturation is good, and it does not paste. The water volume is adjusted by changing the rotation speed of the water bucket roller.
V. Conclusion
In order to meet the quality requirements of color image printing and copying, the printed image must be detected and controlled. Modern printing presses make the quality of printed images meet the requirements by controlling the ink temperature, ink supply and water supply.
Hotel chairs refer to seats used in hotel rooms, lobbies, restaurants, conference rooms, and other places. According to different functions and design styles, hotel chairs can be divided into multiple categories. Below, we will classify and introduce materials and design styles.
1. Material classification:
(1) Wooden chairs: Wooden chairs are one of the most common hotel chairs, commonly used wood including oak, beech, elm, etc. Wooden chairs have a natural and warm texture, making them suitable for use in high-end hotel rooms and lobbies.
(2) Metal chairs: Metal chairs are generally made of metal materials such as iron and aluminum, which are sturdy, durable, and stylish. They are suitable for use in hotel restaurants and meeting rooms.
(3) Plastic chairs: Plastic chairs are usually made of materials such as polypropylene, which are lightweight and easy to clean, making them suitable for use in budget hotels and outdoor spaces.
(4) Fabric chair: Fabric chairs are generally made of fabric or leather materials, with a comfortable texture, suitable for use in high-end hotel rooms and leisure areas.
2. Design style classification:
(1) Modern style: Modern style hotel chairs are designed with simple and smooth lines, emphasizing functionality and comfort. Commonly used materials include metal, plastic, and leather.
(2) Classical style: The design of hotel chairs in classical style emphasizes details and decoration, with commonly used materials such as wood and fabric, giving a sense of elegance and luxury.
Summary: Hotel chairs are classified based on material and design style, and different classifications are applicable to different places and needs. In the interior design of hotels, selecting appropriate hotel chairs can enhance guests' comfort and experience, while also coordinating with the overall design style to create a unique hotel atmosphere.
Wedding Chair,Throne Chair,Church Chair,Nordic Chair
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